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//Chapter 12: The Civilizations of East Asia//

__Zen__- A famous sect of Buddhism the stressed meditation as a way to enlightenment. __Diamond Sutra__- The world's first printed book. It was a Buddhist religious text printed in China during the Tang Dynasty. __kami__- Gods or natural spirits that the Japanese believed in. They believed that kami lived in natural objects like sand, waterfalls, and great trees. __Shinto__- A religion that has no established scripture or specific doctrine. The worship Shinto involved prayers and rituals to please the kami and to appeal for help, especially for fertility and bountiful crops. __The Tale of Genji__- The world's first novel, written my Lady Murasaki Shikibu around the year 1000. This novel is about Prince Genji who is the perfect courtier. __shogun__- a title also known as general. The shogun has the real power even though the emperor remained the theoretical source of legitimate authority in Japan. He was the chief military officer of the central government and controlled finance, law, the courts, and appointments to office. __samurai__- warriors hired by landlords to protect them __Bushido__- the samurai code of behavior __seppuku__- ceremonial suicide performed by samurai if they displease their lords or were defeated in battle. It is also known as hara-kiri or "belly slitting". __daimyo__- meaning "great names", local lords with this name acquired great power.
 * Terms:**

__Li Bo__- A Daoist who spent a large amount of his life seeking pleasure. The delights of life were described in his writings. However, the approach he had to life may have been his undoing. According to Chinese legend, Li Bo because tipsy and drowned while he was reaching for the moon's reflection in the water when inside a boat. __Du Fu__- A Chinese poet who had a serious, solemn nature and devoutly followed the teachings of Confucius. The verses that he carefully writes shows his deep concern for the suffering and tragedy of human life. __Empress Wu__- She ruled from 690 to 705. She was a passionate supporter of Buddhism and the only woman to hold the Chinese throne in her own right. She was a strong leader and an able administrator. __Genghis Khan__- A Mongol who was the fiercest nomadic leader of all time. He lived from about 1162 to 1227. He was originally named Temujin but he was given the title Genghis Khan, which means "Universal leader", in 1206. He went on to create an immense empire. __Kublai Khan__- He was a grandson of Genghis Khan. While under him, the Mongols completed their conquest of China. He was given the title of Great Khan in 1260 and recognized as head of the whole Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan introduced Chinese ceremonies to his court and relied on Chinese official in the lower and middle ranks of the hierarchy. He maintained two palaces, a lavish palace near Beijing and a summer one in Mongolia. __Batu-__ Another grandson of Genghis Khan. He invaded Europe around 1240. He and his troops swept across Russia, Poland, and Hungary to the outskirts of VIenna. As they raided city after city, they either killed or took the inhabitants as their slaves. __Golden Horde__- What the Mongolians were known as to the Europeans. "Golden" because of the glittering appearance of their tenets in the sun. __Marco Polo__- a famous Venetian merchant who began his career of world exploration when he was 17. He left home with his father and uncle in 1271 and spent three years traveling on a ship and then a camel to arrive in China. He impressed Kublai Khan with his knowledge of four languages and was engageed as an emissary. Marco Polo traveled through China for 17 years. __Rabban Bar Sauma-__The Chinese counterpart of Marco Polo from Beijing. He traveled across Asia to Persia, to Constantinople, to Italy, and to France. __Fujiwara__- The first family to gain control over the emperor and use the power to their advantages By using many methods, the family finally gained control of the central government starting in the mid-800s and ending in the mid-1100s. __Minamoto-__ A clan which emerged triumphant in a war with the Taira clan for power in the 1156 civil war. In 1192, Minamoto Yoritomo was granted the title of shogun or general by the emperor. __Ashikaga__- Ashikaga Takauji claimed the shogunate for his clan after Go-Daigo destroyed the Kamakura shogunate. Since then, the Ashikaga shoguns ruled for almost two and a half centuries. __Yi-__ A Korean dynasty founded in 1392 when the Mongols were expelled. It survived for centuries until Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 __Sejong__- A Yi emperor who ruled during the mid-1400s. He directed the development of a Korean alphabet.
 * People:**

[|Grand Canal] - The Grand Canal is the oldest and longest canal in the world. It connects Hangzhou in the north to Beijing in the south. It extends in a general north-south direction for 1,900 km. [|Chang'an] - Chang'an is located within the Shaanxi Province near Xi'an.It is known as the eastern terminal of the Silk Road. [|Kaifeng] - Kaifeng lies in the flat Yudong plain. It is located on the southern bank of the Yellow River within the Henan Province. This place is known as one of the six major centers of ancient Chinese civilization. [|Beijing]- Beijing is the capital or the Republic of China located in the north, close to Tianjin Municipality surrounded by Hebei Province [|Hangzhou]- Hangzhou is the capital of the Zhejiang province. It is located in the lower reaches of the Qiantang River [|Karakorum]- Karakorum is the ancient capital of the Mongol empire. Its ruins are located on the upper Orhon River in north-central Mongolia [|Kyoto]- [|Kamakura]- [|Korea]- [|Vietnam]- [|Cambodia]
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 * Chapter Theme Question:** //How might cultures mix yet still remain unique?//

Is it possible for a culture to remain on its own, not mixed with anything else? I really don't think so. Cultures are bound to mix together with another culture over time. Most of the time, cultures mix when countries are controled by another. But even though they have been mixed with one another, cultures still remain unique. This is because there are certain things a culture that can not be

1. What were the great accomplishments of Chinese culture in this period?
 * Section Focus Questions**

2. What was the strongest influence on the culture of Korea? In the past, many countries have had control on Korea. If you look through Korea’s history, you’ll find that most of the time, the country had been controlled by China. Throughout the years that China as controlled the peninsula, the Chinese migrants have been bringing bits of their own culture to Korea. Because of this, China having dominance over Korea had the strongest influence over the country both politically and culturally. China first conquered Korea in during the Han dynasty 109 B.C. until 108 B.C. After the Han dynasty fell, three independent Korean kingdoms controlled the country. During the Chinese Tang dynasty, Korea still held much of its independence but still recognized China’s control. Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the A.D. 300s. If you look at Korea’s culture, you can see much of Buddhist teaching. Buddhist teaching can also be seen in Korea’s philosophy and morality. At this time, Buddhism was considered the state religion while Zen was introduced at the dominant form of Buddhism. The scholars of Korea studied the Confucian classics. The government also adopted the Chinese civil service system which was based on the teaching of Confucius. Because of history, China has had the strongest influence on Korea’s culture. The dominance that China had over Korea in the past, had an influence over the country’s religion, government, and other things as well. Just look at the evidence above and you can clearly see that China was a big influence. And because it has the biggest part in Korea’s history, it has the biggest and strongest influence.

3. What factors influenced Japan's development?

1. (a) What agricultural improvements took place in China during the Tang and Song dynasties? (b) What part of China was most affected by these changes?
 * Deveoping Critical Thinking Skills**

2. How was the role of emperor in Japan different from the role of emperor in China?

3. In what ways did the Chinese influence the culture of Korea? When the Chinese had control over Korea, over time, immigrants slowly brought over parts of their culture.
 * Summary of Section 3**


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